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鈦鍛件廠家談帶頸對焊法蘭設(shè)計注意事項

發(fā)布時間:2023-01-07 09:36:29 瀏覽次數(shù) :

1、設(shè)備簡介

法蘭作為設(shè)備的主要零部件在防止介質(zhì)泄漏方面起著重要作用,法蘭結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計及其合理性至關(guān)重要。本文以換熱器為例,介紹設(shè)計過程中法蘭結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計要求及注意事項。

某項目中一臺殘余物汽提塔塔釜冷凝器,其管程介質(zhì)苯酚(強滲透介質(zhì))、苯乙酮等屬于易燃易爆、中度危害的第一組介質(zhì),殼程介質(zhì)調(diào)溫水屬于第二組介質(zhì)。

該設(shè)備殼程選用碳鋼(Q345R),管箱筒體采用不銹鋼(S30408)。設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)見圖1。

360截圖16640329695460.jpg

2、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計

按照《鋼制化工容器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計規(guī)定》HG/T 20583-2011中的描述[1],容器內(nèi)介質(zhì)毒性為極度、高度危害 或者有強滲透性的中度危害和介質(zhì)為液化石油氣時,法蘭應(yīng)采用帶頸對焊型法蘭,由此確定本設(shè)備法蘭型式 采用帶頸對焊型。帶頸對焊型法蘭由法蘭環(huán)、錐段、與筒體對接段三部分組成,其結(jié)構(gòu)見圖2。

根據(jù)壓力、溫度、腐蝕裕量等設(shè)計參數(shù),殼側(cè)設(shè)備法蘭可選用標準壓力容器法蘭。管箱側(cè)由于材料不在標準 范圍內(nèi),需要設(shè)計者通過計算以確定具體結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。設(shè)計時,可參考標準法蘭尺寸取值,根據(jù)計算校核結(jié)果 對各部分結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸進行調(diào)整直到滿足要求。根據(jù)工程經(jīng)驗,減小螺栓圓中心直徑,可有效減小法蘭計算中力 矩的力臂值,對法蘭設(shè)計非常有利。為保證各項結(jié)構(gòu)取值的合理性,筆者根據(jù)經(jīng)驗提出以下建議:

(1)螺栓裕量:實際使用面積/計算面積≥1.2

(2)非標法蘭應(yīng)進行剛度校核,剛度系數(shù)控制在0.85以內(nèi)。

(3)應(yīng)力裕量:

計算應(yīng)力/許用應(yīng)力≤0.9,法蘭各部分的計算應(yīng)力與相應(yīng)許用應(yīng)力值之比不宜相差太大。

(4)選用標準法蘭時,應(yīng)校核法蘭的最大許用工作壓力是否滿足相應(yīng)設(shè)計溫度下設(shè)計壓力的要求,如有必 要,還應(yīng)考慮管道外載荷作用時的法蘭當量最大許用工作壓力是否滿足要求。

在上述基礎(chǔ)上將法蘭的錐段和法蘭環(huán)比例設(shè)計得當,使法蘭各部分充分發(fā)揮強度性能并保證足夠的剛度,即 趨于滿應(yīng)力狀態(tài),遵循“滿應(yīng)力準則”[2]。

3、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計中的注意事項及解決方案

除了滿足以上控制指標之外,還有兩點需要注意:①確認對接段厚度;②判斷帶頸對焊法蘭計算結(jié)果的合格 與否及解決方案。

3.1 確認對接段厚度

以本臺設(shè)備為例:管箱側(cè)法蘭選擇鍛件,材料許用應(yīng)力96/130=0.738(相同的設(shè)計溫度按200℃),如果選擇等厚度,法蘭的對接段厚度可能不滿足內(nèi)壓需要的壁厚。

這里筆者提供兩種方案,建議優(yōu)先采用第二種。

(1)取消對接段。 

由法蘭計算確認所需的最小δ1值,按照GB150.4-2011中的規(guī)定[3],B類焊接接頭以及圓 筒與球形封頭相連的A類焊接接頭,當兩側(cè)鋼材厚度不等時,若薄板厚度δs2≤10mm且兩板厚度差超 過3mm;若薄板厚度δs2>10mm且兩板厚度差大于30%δs2,或者超過5mm時,均應(yīng)單面或 雙面削薄厚板邊緣,或按同樣要求采用堆焊方法將薄板邊緣焊成斜面,按照筒體厚度加3mm或5mm的原 則最終確認所需的最小δ1的值。

(2)保留對接段。

計算管側(cè)法蘭應(yīng)力與管箱筒體應(yīng)力比值:96/130=0.738(相同的設(shè)計溫度按200℃)[3] ,若以管側(cè)壁厚/0.738得出的厚度滿足不削邊的厚度原則,可確認對接段厚度δ0。

如果按管側(cè)壁厚/0.738得出的厚度必須削邊,則需按照NB/T 47020中法蘭與圓筒連接要求, 在對接焊縫的筒體端部堆焊過渡(具體參見NB/T47020的P16中的圖2)[4]。

360截圖16460524417657.jpg

3.2判斷帶頸對焊法蘭計算結(jié)果的合格與否及解決方案

3.2.1 法蘭常見計算項

當軸向應(yīng)力σH不合格時,調(diào)整法蘭錐段大小端厚度,可有效調(diào)整軸向應(yīng)力值。

當徑向應(yīng)力σR不合格時,調(diào)整法蘭環(huán)厚度可有效調(diào)整徑向應(yīng)力值。當環(huán)向應(yīng)力σT不合格時,調(diào)整錐段高 度可明顯改善環(huán)向應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。將法蘭環(huán),錐段結(jié)構(gòu)比例設(shè)計得當,使法蘭各部分充分發(fā)揮強度性能即滿足滿 應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。同時需關(guān)注法蘭的剛度系數(shù),標準要求法蘭剛度系數(shù)小于1。但在實際工程中由于法蘭同時受到 管箱偏心載、管口載荷等影響,剛度系數(shù)一般控制在0.85以內(nèi)。影響剛度系數(shù)的因素是多樣的,其中最 有效的是調(diào)整法蘭環(huán)厚度。

3.2.2 法蘭緊固件及墊片選擇

除了法蘭本身的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸對法蘭各應(yīng)力狀態(tài)影響較大外,法蘭的連接(包括螺栓、墊片等)也至關(guān)重要。法 蘭計算中如果出現(xiàn)螺栓預緊力不足的情況,改變墊片類型及螺栓材質(zhì)可有效調(diào)整螺栓預緊力大小。其中墊片 的選擇應(yīng)根據(jù)介質(zhì)的腐蝕性,滲透性,毒性程度,易爆性,以及設(shè)計壓力和溫度來進行合理選擇。在滿足操 作條件的前提下,優(yōu)先選擇墊片比壓力和墊片系數(shù)較小的材料。常見推薦墊片有聚四氟乙烯板,增強柔性石 墨板等。合理選擇墊片類型后,再調(diào)整螺栓的材質(zhì),一般選擇力學性能比較高的材料即高強螺栓,可有效提 升螺栓預緊力。

4、結(jié)語

帶頸對焊法蘭是化工設(shè)備常見的一種密封結(jié)構(gòu),正確理解法蘭錐段與筒體連接段厚度,確保法蘭有效密封是 設(shè)備安全、裝置平穩(wěn)運行的第一守則。

設(shè)計非標法蘭建議參考以下標準(包括但不限于):NB/T47023《長頸對焊法蘭》[4]、HG/ T20615《鋼制管法蘭》中WN系列[5]、GB/T29465《浮頭式熱交換器用外頭蓋側(cè)法蘭》等[6]。在上述標準中選擇對應(yīng)壓力等級下的法蘭為參考,根據(jù)具體情況展開設(shè)計工作。無論以哪種標準為藍本,建議計算中按本文提及的經(jīng)驗值適當考慮設(shè)計裕量。

錐段與法蘭環(huán)的結(jié)構(gòu)比例應(yīng)選擇恰當,使法蘭具有較小的重量和緊湊的體積,讓法蘭材料的強度得到充分利 用,各項機械性能得到充分的發(fā)揮。

參考文獻

[1]HG/T20583-2011,鋼制化工容器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計規(guī)定[S].

[2]李世玉等.壓力容器設(shè)計工程師培訓教程[M].

[3]GB150.1~150.4-2011,壓力容器[S].

[4]NB/T47020~47027-2012,壓力容器法蘭、墊片、緊固件[S].

[5]HG/T20615-2009,鋼制管法蘭[S].

[6]GB/T29465-2012,浮頭式熱交換器用外頭蓋側(cè)法蘭[S].

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